3.3 Chain Ruleap Calculus



Consider the product of two simple functions, say$ds f(x)=(x^2+1)(x^3-3x)$. An obvious guess for the derivative of $f$ isthe product of the derivatives of the constituent functions:$ds (2x)(3x^2-3)=6x^3-6x$. Is this correct? We can easily check, byrewriting $f$ and doing the calculation in a way that is known towork. First, $ds f(x)=x^5-3x^3+x^3-3x=x^5-2x^3-3x$, and then$ds f'(x)=5x^4-6x^2-3$. Not even close! What went 'wrong'? Well,nothing really, except the guess was wrong.

So the derivative of $f(x)g(x)$ is NOT as simple as$f'(x)g'(x)$. Surely there is some rule for such a situation? Thereis, and it is instructive to 'discover' it by trying to do thegeneral calculation even without knowing the answer in advance.$$eqalign{{dover dx}(&f(x)g(x)) = lim_{Delta x to0} {f(x+Delta x)g(x+Delta x) - f(x)g(x)over Delta x}cr&=lim_{Delta x to0} {f(x+Delta x)g(x+Delta x)-f(x+Delta x)g(x) + f(x+Delta x)g(x)- f(x)g(x)over Delta x}cr &=lim_{Delta x to0} {f(x+Delta x)g(x+Delta x)-f(x+Delta x)g(x)over Delta x} + lim_{Delta x to0} {f(x+Delta x)g(x)- f(x)g(x)over Delta x}cr &=lim_{Delta x to0} f(x+Delta x){ g(x+Delta x)-g(x)over Delta x} + lim_{Delta x to0} {f(x+Delta x)- f(x)over Delta x}g(x)cr &=f(x)g'(x) + f'(x)g(x)cr}$$A couple of items here need discussion. First, we used a standardtrick, 'add and subtract the same thing', to transform what we hadinto a more useful form. After some rewriting, we realize that we havetwo limits that produce $f'(x)$ and $g'(x)$. Of course, $f'(x)$ and$g'(x)$ must actually exist for this to make sense.We also replaced$ds lim_{Delta xto0}f(x+Delta x)$ with $f(x)$—why is this justified?

What we really need to know here is that $ds lim_{Delta xto 0}f(x+Delta x)=f(x)$, or in the language ofsection 2.5, that $f$ is continuousat $x$. We already know that $f'(x)$ exists (or the whole approach,writing the derivative of $fg$ in terms of $f'$ and $g'$, doesn't makesense). This turns out to imply that $f$ is continuous as well. Here'swhy:$$eqalign{lim_{Delta xto 0} f(x+Delta x) &= lim_{Delta xto 0} (f(x+Deltax) -f(x) + f(x))cr&= lim_{Delta xto 0} {f(x+Delta x) -f(x)over Delta x}Delta x +lim_{Delta xto 0} f(x)cr&=f'(x)cdot 0 + f(x) = f(x)cr}$$

Chain Rule appears everywhere in the world of differential calculus. Whenever we are finding the derivative of a function, be it a composite function or not, we are in fact using the Chain Rule. In this section, we will learn about the concept, the definition and the application of the Chain Rule, as well as a secret trick – 'The Bracket. Math 18 Business Calculus Chapter 3: Shortcuts to Differentiation Section 3.3: The Chain Rule Jennifer Cass, Instructor Back in Section 1.8 we reviewed the composition of functions. We were able to express a more complicated function as the composite of two functions. For example, y t= −(5 2)2 6 can be written as y u= 6 where u t= −5 22.

To summarize: the product rule says that$${dover dx}(f(x)g(x)) = f(x)g'(x) + f'(x)g(x).$$

El emigrantefree flash games. Returning to the example we started with, let $ds f(x)=(x^2+1)(x^3-3x)$.Then $ds f'(x)=(x^2+1)(3x^2-3)+(2x)(x^3-3x)=3x^4-3x^2+3x^2-3+2x^4-6x^2=5x^4-6x^2-3$, as before. In this case it is probably simpler tomultiply $f(x)$ out first, then compute the derivative; here's anexample for which we really need the product rule.

ChainCalculus

Example 3.3.1 Compute the derivative of $ds f(x)=x^2sqrt{625-x^2}$. We havealready computed $ds {dover dx}sqrt{625-x^2}={-xoversqrt{625-x^2}}$. Now$$f'(x)=x^2{-xoversqrt{625-x^2}}+2xsqrt{625-x^2}={-x^3+2x(625-x^2)over sqrt{625-x^2}}={-3x^3+1250xover sqrt{625-x^2}}.$$

3.3 chain ruleap calculus 2nd edition

Exercises 3.3

In 1–4, find the derivatives of the functions using the product rule.

Ex 3.3.1$ds x^3(x^3-5x+10)$(answer)

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Ex 3.3.2$ds (x^2+5x-3)(x^5-6x^3+3x^2-7x+1)$(answer)

Ex 3.3.3$ds sqrt{x}sqrt{625-x^2}$(answer)

3.3 Chain Ruleap Calculus Solver

Ex 3.3.4$displaystyle {sqrt{625-x^2}over x^{20}}$(answer)

3.3 chain ruleap calculus solver

3.3 Chain Ruleap Calculus 2nd Edition

Ex 3.3.5Use the product rule to compute the derivative of $ds f(x)=(2x-3)^2$. Sketch the function. Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve at $x=2$. Sketch the tangent line at $x=2$.(answer)

Ex 3.3.6Suppose that $f$, $g$, and $h$ are differentiable functions.Show that $(fgh)'(x) = f'(x) g(x)h(x) + f(x)g'(x) h(x) + f(x) g(x)h'(x)$.

Ex 3.3.7State and prove a rule to compute $(fghi)'(x)$, similar to the rule in the previous problem.

1 limits & continuityap calculus 2nd edition. Remark 3.3.2 {Product notation}Suppose $ds f_1 , f_2 , ldots f_n$ are functions.The product of all these functions can be written$$ prod _{k=1 } ^n f_k.$$This is similar to the use of $ds sum$ to denote a sum.For example,$$prod _{k=1 } ^5 f_k =f_1 f_2 f_3 f_4 f_5$$and$$prod _ {k=1 } ^n k = 1cdot 2 cdot ldots cdot n = n!.$$We sometimes use somewhat more complicated conditions; for example$$prod _{k=1 , kneq j } ^n f_k$$denotes the product of $ds f_1$ through $ds f_n$ except for $ds f_j$.For example, $$prod _{k=1 , kneq 4} ^5 x^k = xcdot x^2 cdot x^3 cdot x^5 =x^{11}.$$

Calculus

Ex 3.3.8The generalized product rule says that if $ds f_1 , f_2 ,ldots ,f_n$ are differentiable functions at $x$ then$${dover dx}prod _{k=1 } ^n f_k(x) = sum _{j=1 } ^n left(f'_j (x) prod _{k=1 , kneq j} ^n f_k (x)right).$$Verify that this is the same as your answer to the previous problemwhen $n=4$,and write out what this says when $n=5$.